GSP-MW-02: Energy Analytics and Contracting

GSP-MW-02: Energy Analytics and Contracting

Background:

Melbourne Water (MW) is a statutory authority owned by the Victorian Government, managing and protecting the city’s major water resources for the community. Melbourne Water is responsible for reliable sewerage, healthy waterways, and drainage and flood management.

Melbourne Water’s activities include the following;

  • manage water supply catchments, supplying affordable and high-quality water
  • treat and supply drinking and recycled water
  • remove and treat most of Melbourne’s sewage, ensuring that sewerage is reliable
  • manage waterways and major drainage systems in the Port Phillip and Westernport region
  • provide integrated drainage and flood management services
  • help to create outstanding natural community spaces.

Objective

Melbourne Water would like to assess the performance of the AGL electricity contract over the first 10 year period, forecast energy pricing and emission offset performance over the next 5+5 years, and identify and explore energy procurement strategies/options at the conclusion of the contract in 2030.

Scope

The study will include assessment of:

  • Historic and forecast energy load/demand profiles;
  • Historic and forecast energy generation profiles (behind-the-meter use, export, etc.);
  • Historic and forecast scope-2 greenhouse gas emission profiles;
  • Historic and forecast energy market demand and pricing data (spot pricing on average, high power price events and triggers, negative power price events and triggers, export pricing on average, etc.);
  • The monthly savings or costs incurred to date with the long term electricity contract (in comparison with the wholesale spot market), and, future anticipated savings/costs;
  • Historic and forecast commodity prices (LGC, ACCU, etc.);
  • Historic and forecast performance of contracted and alternative renewable instruments against corporate obligations;
  • Potential energy procurement models of the future and the impact on energy, emissions and costs.

Deliverables

  • Spreadsheet model outlining historic and forecast energy, emission and financial profiles, modelled analyses and respective option comparisons;
  • A summary of input variables, assumptions and outputs (based on assumptions) and sensitivities to significant variables shall be produced;
  • A survey of the industry and market including possible energy and renewable commodity procurement models (PPA, spot market, virtual net metering, etc.); and
  • Views on price curves (wholesale spot market behind the meter, wholesale spot market in front of meter export, LGC, ACCU, etc.).

GSP-MW: Electricity Demand Management

GSP-MW: Electricity Demand Management

Background:

Melbourne Water (MW) is a statutory authority owned by the Victorian Government, managing and protecting the city’s major water resources for the community. Melbourne Water is responsible for reliable sewerage, healthy waterways, and drainage and flood management.

Melbourne Water’s activities include the following;

  • manage water supply catchments, supplying affordable and high-quality water
  • treat and supply drinking and recycled water
  • remove and treat most of Melbourne’s sewage, ensuring that sewerage is reliable
  • manage waterways and major drainage systems in the Port Phillip and Westernport region
  • provide integrated drainage and flood management services
  • help to create outstanding natural community spaces.

Objective

Melbourne Water would like to investigate the electricity demand management opportunities possible for the Western Treatment Plant (WTP) and western sewerage transfer network.

Scope

The study will include assessment of:

  • Historic and forecast energy load/demand profiles;
  • Historic demand management opportunities implemented, and, the savings, costs and learnings from these projects;
  • Missed demand management opportunities (retrospectively), detailing the opportunity costs;
  • The various demand management programs currently available (FCAS, RERT, contract load shedding, etc.) and the applicability of these programs for WTP and western sewerage transfer network in the future;
  • Existing monitoring systems for separate load groups across the WTP and sewerage transfer system;
  • Interoperability of transfer and treatment systems with respect to delivering identified demand management opportunities; and
  • Future anticipated savings, costs and risks from the various demand management opportunities of the future (stand-alone opportunities and/or projects working in tandem).

Deliverables

  • Report outlining demand management opportunities implemented to date, the various demand management programs currently available and assessment of opportunity feasibility;
  • Spreadsheet model outlining historic and forecast energy profiles;
  • Spreadsheet model outlining missed opportunities and future anticipated savings; and
  • A summary of input variables, assumptions and outputs (based on assumptions) and sensitivities to significant variables shall be produced.

GSP-IWMI: Developing a Solar Suitability Framework for Irrigation Activities in Myanmar and Laos

GSP-IWMI: Developing a Solar Suitability Framework for Irrigation Activities in Myanmar and Laos

BACKGROUND:

Solar photovoltaic technologies have been identified as high potential solutions for water abstraction in relation to multi-purpose use. In Myanmar and across the Greater Mekong subregion, there is a demand by both the governmental and private sectors on how to guide investments of solar powered irrigation systems (SPIS) to areas and for modalities that are suitable, economically viable and sustainable.

IWMI is a non-profit scientific research organization focusing on the sustainable use of water and land resources in developing countries. IWMI would like to engage two or potentially more students in a set of feasibility studies on SPIS potential in Myanmar and Lao PDR.

As it is impossible to travel overseas at this moment, students will conduct the research from Australia. However, they will be assisted by IWMI’s local staff in collecting data and organizing project activities.

AIM:

In this project, students would undertake desktop research to evaluate available spatial data and solar irrigation needs in the country. They are expected to deliver the following outcomes:

No. Main Deliverable Description Estimated Timing
1 Project Plan Students discuss with IWMI and RMIT academic supervisors about ideas that would lead to detailed and implementable project plans. February 2021
2 Literature Review Current situation and practices in either of the two countries, particular to their specific topic of study. March – May 2021
3 Data Collection and Analysis – Topic 1 could focus on mapping the suitability of solar irrigation pumping systems for small-scale off-grid and for larger-scale on-grid applications. (2 students: 1 student/country)

– Topic 2 could carry out a rapid multicase-study analysis of the performance of existing SPSI schemes in place in Myanmar and potentially also in Laos. (2 students: 1 student/country)

Data collection will be assisted by local staff/students in Myanmar and Laos.

May – August 2021
4 Draft reports Drafting reports September 2021
5 Presentation Presentation on research findings October 2021
6 Final reports Final Research Theses* End October 2021

* ideally, the theses would provide scope for one or more peer-review publications

WORK METHOD:

  • Students enroll in a relevant course and will be supervised and assessed by an academic at RMIT.
  • Students will work remotely to implement this project. IWMI staff will be remote co-supervisor during the project.
  • Students will have remote check-ins with RMIT and IWMI co-supervisors on a bi-weekly basis.
  • Data collection will be assisted by IWMI staff.

 

FUNDING:

The project is fully funded by the New Colombo Plan, which will cover all project-related costs.

Only Australian undergraduate students are eligible for this project.

APPLICATION PROCESS:

  • Students submit EOI together with their latest CVs and academic records to Dr. Nina Nguyen at nina.nguyen@rmit.edu.au
  • Students are selected subject to approval from IWMI.

 

GSP-Rivalea: Huntly Biogas Feasibility Study

GSP-Rivalea: Huntly Biogas Feasibility Study

Background

Rivalea (Australia) Pty Ltd is a leading Australian agri-business supplying approximately 20% of the domestic fresh pork market. The company is headquartered in Corowa NSW and has piggery operations at Corowa, Albury, Deniliquin, Bendigo and St Arnaud in western Victoria. Rivalea has stock feed mills and meat processing facilities in Corowa and Laverton Melbourne.

Rivalea’s operation are energy intensive both in the milling of feed, rearing of livestock and meat processing operations. The introduction of the Federal government carbon abatement programs and large increases in energy prices in recent years has incentivized the company to build out its own energy generation plant using on farm and plant resources.

The company has recognized for some time that biogas generated in the waste water treatment lagoons is a potential source of energy in the operations of the farm and processing facility.

In conjunction with various outside interests, the company has undertaken extensive research and feasibility studies for the capture and use of biogas over the last decade. For various reasons, many of these projects have not come to fruition however the large body of documentation and engineering work already undertaken provides a solid foundation for biogas energy use project design.

Rivalea has commenced the first stage of biogas recovery at Module 5 on the Corowa site. This stage included the construction of a 41ML effluent lagoon biogas collection cover and flare installed by September 2012. Gas collected from this system averages around 450m3/h with a methane content of 60-70%. Gas was flared for generation of carbon credits and data collection from 2012 with a 500-kVA generator installed in April 2017. A further 75ML lagoon and additional 1000 kVA of generator capacity has been approved for construction in 2018/19 at the Corowa site.

While the Corowa site is the largest resource and has the highest onsite energy demand behind the meter, the new project will largely exhaust any further opportunity at this site. The company has earmarked the Huntly piggery at Bendigo as having potential to recover biogas at the largest unit to offset energy costs and improve the environmental emissions from the site. This scope has been developed to investigate the feasibility of a project at Unit 6, Huntly piggery.

Scope of Works

The proposed Scope for a student project would encompass the following

  • Familiarize with anaerobic digestion of waste water
  • Characterize the waste water resource at the Huntly site
  • Review available technologies i.e. covered ponds, tank digesters, etc.
  • Develop models of performance of digesters
  • Review electricity and gas use (Level 1 energy audit)
  • Investigate biogas usage options onsite e.g., electricity generation, cogeneration (various technologies) or other options not previously considered.
  • Recommend a biogas use strategy having regard to:
    • the highest and best value use of the resource both at present and regarding foreseeable future energy market trends;
    • Site layout and waste water flows, use of existing infrastructure and engineering limitations
    • funding grants and finance available for ‘low carbon’ projects;
    • opportunities to generate marketable credits for carbon offsets,
    • renewable energy credits or energy efficiency,
    • reduction of the sites overall carbon emissions
  • Develop a business case including financial measures (payback, ROI, NPV)

Deliverables:

Final report detailing the business case

Presentation to Rivalea senior management

Resources:

Rivalea will provide  assistance to the student/s conducting the study.

  1. Site visits to Corowa during the construction and commissioning of a covered lagoon and generator project.
  2. Site visits to the Huntly piggery
  3. Rivalea will cover the cost of any external laboratory results or transport of samples to RMIT labs.
  4. Access to previous commercial feasibility studies conducted for the company
  5. Mentoring and guidance to students
  6. Introduction to industry practitioners where feasible.

GSP – CoM: Eliminating Gas Consumption at City of Melbourne’s Recreation Centres

GSP – CoM: Eliminating Gas Consumption at City of Melbourne’s Recreation Centres

BACKGROUND:

Melbourne is the capital of Victoria, Australia. It is run by the Melbourne City Council, one of 79 municipal authorities in Victoria operating as a public statutory body under the Local Government Act 1989. As a local government authority, the City of Melbourne (CoM) aims to achieve the community’s vision for Melbourne to be a bold, inspirational and sustainable city.

The City of Melbourne’s Climate Change Mitigation Strategy to 2050 (previously called Zero Net Emissions Strategy) guides our next steps in reducing the largest sources of emissions in our municipality – to achieve our science-based targets and to align our actions with the Paris Agreement on climate change. The four priorities for action in achieving our emissions reduction targets are:

  • 100 per cent renewable energy,
  • Zero emissions buildings and precincts,
  • Zero emissions transport and;
  • Reducing the impact of waste.

In line with achieving this ambition CoM has committed to purchase 100% renewable electricity for our own operations through the Melbourne Renewable Energy Project.  This commits us along with a buying group of fourteen organisations to purchase 88 GWh of electricity per year from the Crowlands Windfarm under a long-term power purchase agreement. This windfarm began supplying energy from 1 January 2019 and from this date the City ’s electrical load has been powered by renewable energy.

With emissions from electricity having been almost eliminated for the City’s operation, the next largest sources of emissions are from supply chain and natural gas consumption. The largest sources of natural gas within the city operational control are the recreation centres. These facilities contain swimming pools and therefore have significant heating loads. Currently natural gas is burned to provide this heating and these applications are generally considered difficult to transition away from Gas.

This project represents an ambition to demonstrate that it is possible to use alternate energy sources to eliminate reliance on fossil fuels even in a complex context.

 AIM:

The project aims to investigate opportunities to reduce natural gas consumption at the city’s recreation centres. Specifically, it will:

  • Study the feasibility of eliminating natural gas consumption within the city’s recreation centres; and
  • Propose a plan to switch the fuel source to a sustainable alternative and assess the technical and financial feasibility of doing so.

(Note: the proposal should allow the recreation centres to continue operations as usual but be powered by a more sustainable alternative).

KEY PROJECT TASKS:

  1. Review examples of businesses and industries which have fuel switched and eliminated natural gas consumption.
  2. Develop an understanding of the City of Melbourne’s goals and implementation strategy outlined in the Climate Change Mitigation Strategy and of the recreation centres’ operations. This can be done by reviewing relevant policy/strategy documents and meeting (interviewing) relevant stakeholders.
  3. Visit recreation sites to collect data on energy use and carbon emissions.
  4. Identify which recreation centre is most suitable for a pilot project to switch from gas into other sustainable energy sources.
  5. Within the pilot project, identify the most appropriate fuel switching technology/methodology, for example:
  • Electrification
  • Waste to energy
  • Biofuels/Green Gas
  • Hydrogen
  • Other…
  1. Consolidate results, findings and recommendations in final report and presentation

DELIVERABLES:

Deliverable Description Initial Timing Estimate
Background and baseline research The first 3 tasks March – April 2020
Pilot Study Tasks (4) and (5) May 2020
Presentation and Report Task (6) June 2020

The project report shall be written up as a business case including, but not limited to, the following sections:

  • Executive Summary
  • Background and baseline research
  • Pilot Study
  • Recommendations

The project deliverables shall be written for a wide audience. It should be assumed the majority do not have an in-depth understanding of energy efficiency audits.

WORK METHOD: TBD

KEY SKILLS AND ABILITIES:

  • High degree of independence, motivation and professionalism
  • Ability to quickly learn new concepts and adapt to new environments
  • Ability to effectively liaise with a range of stakeholders
  • Scientific rigour, attention to detail and good data analysis skills required
  • Advanced excel skills and IT knowledge preferred

STUDENT SELECTION:

Students submit expression of interest to Dr. Nina Nguyen at: nina.nguyen@rmit.edu.au

Selected students are subject to final approval from the City of Melbourne.

Deadline for applications: 24 February 2020

GSP-Rivalea-04: Anaerobic Digester Performance and Modelling of Power Generation

GSP-Rivalea-04: Anaerobic Digester Performance and Modelling of Power Generation

Project title: Anaerobic Digester Performance and Modelling of Power Generation

Industry partner: Rivalea (Australia) Pty. Ltd. is a leading Australian agri-business supplying approximately 20% of the domestic fresh pork market. The company’s headquarters are located in Corowa, NSW and there are piggery operations in Corowa, Albury, Deniliquin, Bendigo and St Arnaud in western Victoria. Rivalea also has stock feed mills and meat processing facilities in Corowa and Laverton, Melbourne. Rivalea’s operations are energy intensive both in the milling of feed, rearing livestock and meat processing operations. The introduction of the Federal Government carbon abatement programs and large increases in energy prices in recent years has incentivized the company to build out its own energy generation plant using farm and plant resources. Rivalea recognizes that biogas generated in the waste water treatment lagoons is a potential source of energy in the operations of the farm and processing facilities.

Project background:

Biogas is about 20% lighter than air and has an ignition temperature range of 650 to 750 degrees celsius. It is also a colourless and odourless gas that produces a clear blue flame when burned similar to natural gas. Biogas can potentially be used in conjunction with many types of equipment for electricity and/or heat production.  Current methods include Gas Turbine Engine, Microturbine Engine, Internal Combustion (Piston) Engine, Stirling Heat Engine, Boiler (Steam) Systems, Process Heaters (Furnaces), Combined Heat and Power (CHP) units, and Fuel Cells. All these technologies have the capability to produce electricity from biogas. Fuel cells offer great prospects for small-scale power plant usage, with low emissions and capabilities of producing power and heat with efficiency exceeding 60% as compared to reciprocating engines and turbine engines at 30% and 40% respectively. Internal combustion engines are the most commonly used to produce both heat and power. The internal combustion engines require a very clean fuel; hence the system requires removal of water vapours and H2S (hydrogen sulphide) to below 100ppm.  Gas turbines/micro-turbines are comparable to spark ignition engines in terms of efficiency and require minimal maintenance. However, gas turbines can require a high initial investment.  There is a gap in knowledge regarding biogas power generation method for a gas turbine. This is due to insufficient calculations available for thermal efficiency. The efficiency varies drastically depending on engine make and model that is used, as well as the relevant modifications made to the commercially available engines. Another complicating factor in the calculation of thermal efficiency is related to the compositional variation between geographical locations.

Project aims:

  1. Review waste water treatment processes and assess the potential energy created by production of Methane gas and greenhouse gas balance using historical data (2012-2018) such as flow rate, BOD, COD, VFA, pH EC, total solids.
  2. Compare the organic materials available at the Huntly site and model biogas production using industry models and compare to historical production at Rivalea’s Corowa biogas plant.
  3. Recommend a system for biogas produced on site at Huntly based on commercially available components where components selected take consideration of site-specific data for the Huntly plant.
  4. Investigate various power generating technologies and produce comparable life cycle analysis to determine the most cost effective option for the site.

Project deliverables:

Deliverable Description Initial Timing Estimate
Project plan Project Plan- statement of the problem
Milestone 1 Literature review and best practice, data collection
Milestone 2 Methodology, collection of data & analysis, data visualization and data processing; including  flow rate, BOD, COD, VFA, pH EC, total solids.

·         Assess data on biogas production taking account of the Influence of temperature – summer vs winter.

·          Assess data on feed type, quality and quantity and animal weights and gains to determine the carbon budget of the facility

Milestone 3 Draft findings- report back to client and feedback.
Draft project report Draft project report
Project report Project report.
Presentation Final presentation on the project with accompanying presentation materials.

Students:

  • 02 engineering students (environmental/mechanical/sustainable systems/electrical)

GSP-Mandalay-03: Evaporation Study – Brine Management

GSP-Mandalay-03: Evaporation Study – Brine Management

Project title: Evaporation Study – Brine Management

Industry partner: Mandalay Resources operates a gold and antimony mine located in Costerfield, Central Victoria. The operation is spread across two sites. Augusta is the underground site and the processing plant is named Brunswick. The mine’s final product is a concentrate containing approximately 50% antimony and 80 grams per tonne gold. The concentrate is sent to China for processing where the antimony is ultimately used as a fire retardant in plastics and other synthetic materials. Historically antimony was mainly used as an alloying element in the production of munitions. There is currently a workforce of approximately 200 people engaged at the Costerfield mine site. An exploration team is currently working to secure the future of mining at Costerfield.

Project background:

Brine is the high saline wastewater (by-product) which is produced during the process of reverse osmosis. The current Reverse Osmosis (RO) plant has approximately 76% permeate recovery and the rest approximately 24% is brine stream or wastewater, with total dissolved solids (TDS), TDS 15g/L as NaCl. The brine produced at the Costerfield site is either pumped into evaporation dams or reused on-site in the milling process.  Salt accumulated within the evaporation dams will be then time to time disposed to landfills.

This project could look into various options of brine management including (1) modelling of existing and new evaporation dams by GoldSim software to find better surface area and depth of the dams (2) evaluation of various thermal brine processing technologies such as Brine Concentrators, Brine Evaporators, (3) Increase RO permeate recovery to 96% then brine stream will be reduced to 3-4% only. The last option is required a significant investment into improved RO systems, 3 stages as a minimum.

Are there other ways the brine can be used and also recover metals?  To reduce brine volume the following options could be studied:

  1. Increase permeate recovery by RO plant to 96% in this way brine stream will be reduced by 4% only and less dams will be required to manage brine volume.
  2. Brine additional treatment to zero discharge technology like a brine evaporator and brine concentrators?
  3. Aquifer recharge of brine concentrate
  4. Are there alternative uses for the brine on site at Costerfield, eg generating heat energy?
  5. Zero discharge of brine- what technology (non-man operated systems) can be used on site?
  6. Improved brine metals recovery
  7. Speed-up evaporation within the evaporation dams by adding colouring addictive to brine at Splitter Creek
  8. Model evaporation dams surface are, depth, concentrations taking into considerations a local temperature and wind that salinity gradient increased with taking account of evaporation rates, colouring water, surface temperature and seasonal weather variations (many scenarios and sub-scenarios could be considered).

Project deliverable:

Deliverable Description Initial Timing Estimate
Project plan Project Plan and Site Visit TBA
Milestone 1 Literature and data review, reverse osmosis and brine concentration technology evaluation, report TBA
Milestone 2 Develop groundwater specifications, modelling of aquifer discharge, brine precipitation, risk assessment matrix TBA
Milestone 3 ·         Consolidate list of evaporation technologies, develop sustainability criteria to evaluate the various selected evaporation technologies, prepare report, model, drawings and calculations TBA
Draft project report ·         Modelling evaporation of various salinity concentration brine streams, define optimal surface of evaporation dams to reduce footprint, and reduce environmental impacts. TBA
Stakeholder engagement ·         Submit the draft reports for feedback from Mandalay Resources. TBA
Final Report Project report with accompanying presentation materials (eg. Modelling results and reports, model, drawings) TBA

Students:

  • 06 students (environmental engineering, sustainable systems, engineering management, environmental science)

GSP-SV-05: Waste Transport Model

GSP-SV-05: Waste Transport Model

Project title: Waste Transport Model

Industry partnerSustainability Victoria (SV)

Sustainability Victoria supports Victorians to be more sustainable in their everyday life; in homes and in jobs, schools and communities and in the systems and infrastructure that support a thriving Victorian economy and lifestyle. SV aims to improve the way Victoria manages its resources and help communities to take action on climate change. SV provide expert advice and guidance in energy, materials and waste. SV conducts research and demonstrate what is possible and inspires people to make sustainable change above and beyond legal requirements.

Background:

SV engaged a consultant to develop a Waste Transport Model as part of the Economic and Transport Analysis for SV.

The model is in Microsoft Excel format.

SV identified a need to determine whether it is more efficient to aggregate materials at one larger processing site, or process materials at separate smaller sites. This model offers insight into the movement of waste and material streams across Victoria, to better plan for waste management and resource recovery.

The WTM is a Microsoft Excel tool, which estimates and maps the flow of materials and the distances and hours spent transporting materials to their respective end points: landfill, resource recovery facilities and end markets.

The model uses data from SV waste data sources and other sources such as ABS datasets.

The Excel version of the model is complex and difficult to use.

Project aim/expected outcomes:

  • A review of the model and of the analysis / assumptions employed in the model;
  • A new user interface to make the model user friendly and simple to understand for our stakeholders;
  • Develop a module to update the datasets in the model;
  • Improved graphical output of the results generated from the model;
  • Recommendation on how to improve the model.

Eligibility:

  • Analytics or Data Science students
  • Computer Science students

IMAGE: Thibaud Saintin. Harvest(6). Flickr.com. https://www.flickr.com/photos/wwarby/12140895823/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic Licence.

GSP-MCD-05: Humanitarian Engineering Internship in Vietnam

GSP-MCD-05: Humanitarian Engineering Internship in Vietnam

Program Details:

* Dates: 12 weeks, starting any time from 01/01/2020 to 30/12/2020. If students want to start the projects during the semester, they have an option to attend other courses at RMIT Vietnam campus (exchange semester).
* Places: north and central of Vietnam
* Number of internships: 5 unpaid and 5 paid internships

With increasing recognition of the importance of building youth civic participation, RMIT’s Greenhouse and Sustainability Program (GSP) partners with leading Vietnamese NGOs and local communities to engage our students in their humanitarian engineering activities. The students will be provided with internship opportunities to carry out research in the areas of natural disaster mitigation and climate change adaptation. These could be in a wide range of research areas, such as marine waste management, water and sanitation or renewable energy. The research will focus on impoverished coastal communities who are highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.

Eligibility: 

* A minimum GPA of 2.5 and higher; and
* Unpaid internships are open for both Honours and Masters students and both local and international students.
* Paid internships (fully covered) are only available for undergraduate and Australian citizen students.

Academic Credit:

Students will gain 12 or 24 credit points depending on the course they enrol in and the project they implement during their internship.

Program Costs:

* Airfares and accommodation (12 weeks) will cost about $3,000
* Other expenses (e.g. food, local transport, logistic arrangements) will costs about $2,000
* 5 x $7000 New Colombo Plan grants are available for Australian undergraduate students (Honours preferably).

Other Costs to consider:

* RMIT Tuition Fees
* Personal expenses
* Immunisations

Application Process:

* Submit your expression of interest at our website (https://sites.rmit.edu.au.au/gps) together with your CV and recent academic transcripts.
* If your application is shortlisted, we will invite you to come for an interview where we can discuss options for the enrolling course and potential start date as well as the potential project that you are interested in (note: the projects will fall in the research areas mentioned at Program Details).
* Selected students are required to pay $150 deposit. This amount will be returned to students after they start the internship. If the students withdraw from the program at late notice (2 weeks before the start date), this amount will be considered as a financial penalty.

More information:

Please contact Nina Nguyen for any further information or queries:
(T): +61 3 99259625
(E):  nina.nguyen@rmit.edu.au

 

 

image of Terraced Rice Fields in Sapa, Vietnam

IMAGE: Y Nakanishi. Terraced Rice Fields in Sapa, Vietnam. Flickr.com. https://www.flickr.com/photos/ynakanishi/15334040051/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.0 Generic Licence.
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